Reading for July 31st

Read Hosea 12.10-13.16
In verse 12.11 for Hosea's view of Gilead and Gilgal, compare 4.15, 6.8.
In verse 12 the land of Aram was the territory to which Israel's ancestor Jacob fled from his brother Esau's anger (Gen 27.41-45; 29.1-30).
In verse 13 the prophet to whom Hosea refers is Moses, who led Israel out of Egypt (Deut 34.10-12).
In verse 13.4 Hosea's idea that Israel learned to know its God in Egypt appears to be based on the tradition that the name of God was revealed to Israel there (Ex 3.13-15).
In verses 5-6 after delivering Israel from Egypt, God fed them manna in the wilderness (Num 11.7-9).
In verse 11 Hosea may share the viewpoint of the author of 1 Sam 8.6-8, who saw Israel's request for a king as a rejection of God's rule.
In verse 14 Sheol was a shadowy realm inhabited by the dead (Ps 6.5).
In verse 16 Hosea anticipates Israel's end with a vivid image of the fall of its capital, Samaria.
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